Immunity
The gut microbiota modulates the immune system via the production of molecules with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions that are capable of stimulating immune cells. The adaptive immune response depends on B and T lymphocytes, which bind to specific antigens. In contrast, the innate system responds to common structures, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), shared by a majority of pathogens. The primary response to pathogens is produced by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which bind to PAMPs. Consequently, PRRs comprise TLRs, which are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on various immune and nonimmune cells, such as B-cells, natural killer cells, DCs, macrophages, fibroblast cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells.
Role of Probiotic for Immune Response:
Probiotics may help give your immune system a boost and inhibit the growth of harmful gut bacteria. Also, some probiotics have been shown to promote the production of natural antibodies in the body. They may also boost immune cells like the IgA-producing cells, T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.